Creating Connections Perspectivetaking National Gallery of Art November 15

National art museum in Washington, D.C., United States

This article is about the United states of america fine art museum. For other national art galleries, see List of national galleries.

National Gallery of Art

Location in Washington, D.C. Testify map of Washington, D.C. National Gallery of Art (the United States) Show map of the Us
Established	1937; 85 years agone  (1937)
Location	National Mall betwixt third and 9th Streets at Constitution Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20565, National Mall, Washington, D.C.
Coordinates	38°53′29″N 77°01′12″W  /  38.89139°North 77.02000°Due west  / 38.89139; -77.02000 Coordinates: 38°53′29″N 77°01′12″W  /  38.89139°Due north 77.02000°W  / 38.89139; -77.02000
Drove size	75,000 prints
Visitors	one,704,606 (2021) - Ranked 6th globally[i]
Director	Kaywin Feldman
President	Mitchell Rales
Chairperson	Sharon Rockefeller
Public transit access	Washington Metro: Judiciary Square archives Smithsonian L'Enfant Metrobus: 4th Street and 7th Street NW DC Circulator: 4th Street and Madison Drive; ninth Street and Constitution Avenue NW
Website	nga.gov

The National Gallery of Art, and its attached Sculpture Garden, is a national art museum in Washington, D.C., United states, located on the National Mall, betwixt tertiary and 9th Streets, at Constitution Avenue NW. Open up to the public and free of charge, the museum was privately established in 1937 for the American people by a joint resolution of the United States Congress. Andrew W. Mellon donated a substantial fine art collection and funds for construction. The core collection includes major works of art donated by Paul Mellon, Ailsa Mellon Bruce, Lessing J. Rosenwald, Samuel Henry Kress, Rush Harrison Kress, Peter Arrell Browne Widener, Joseph E. Widener, and Chester Dale. The Gallery'south collection of paintings, drawings, prints, photographs, sculpture, medals, and decorative arts traces the evolution of Western Art from the Center Ages to the present, including the only painting by Leonardo da Vinci in the Americas and the largest mobile created past Alexander Calder.

The Gallery'southward campus includes the original neoclassical West Building designed by John Russell Pope, which is linked underground to the modern East Edifice, designed by I. K. Pei, and the 6.1-acre (25,000 mⁱⁱ) Sculpture Garden. The Gallery frequently presents temporary special exhibitions spanning the world and the history of art. It is one of the largest museums in North America.

For the latitude, scope, and magnitude of its collections, the National Gallery is widely considered to be one of the greatest museums in the The states of America, oft ranking aslope the Metropolitan Museum of Fine art and Museum of Modernistic Art in New York Metropolis, the Art Constitute of Chicago in Chicago, Illinois, and the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston, Massachusetts. Of the top three art museums in the United States by annual visitors, information technology is the but one that has no admission fee. in 2021 information technology attracted 1,704,606 visitors, and ranked fifth on the list of nigh visited fine art museums in the earth.^[2]

History [edit]

Origins [edit]

Andrew W. Mellon, Pittsburgh banker and Treasury Secretary from 1921 until 1932, began gathering a private collection of old master paintings and sculptures during World War I. During the tardily 1920s, Mellon decided to direct his collecting efforts towards the institution of a new national gallery for the U.s.a..

In 1930, partly for tax reasons, Mellon formed the A. W. Mellon Educational and Charitable Trust, which was to exist the legal possessor of works intended for the gallery. In 1930–1931, the Trust made its first major acquisition, 21 paintings from the Hermitage Museum in St. petersburg equally part of the Soviet sale of Hermitage paintings, including such masterpieces as Raphael'south Alba Madonna, Titian's Venus with a Mirror, and Jan van Eyck's Annunciation.

In 1929 Mellon had initiated contact with the recently appointed Secretarial assistant of the Smithsonian Institution, Charles Greeley Abbot. Mellon was appointed in 1931 equally a Commissioner of the Institution's National Gallery of Fine art. When the director of the Gallery retired, Mellon asked Abbot not to appoint a successor, as he proposed to endow a new building with funds for expansion of the collections.

However, Mellon'due south trial for taxation evasion, centering on the Trust and the Hermitage paintings, acquired the program to be modified. In 1935, Mellon appear in The Washington Star his intention to establish a new gallery for old masters, separate from the Smithsonian. When asked past Abbot, he explained that the project was in the easily of the Trust and that its decisions were partly dependent on "the attitude of the Government towards the gift".

In Jan 1937, Mellon formally offered to create the new Gallery. On his birthday, 24 March 1937, an Act of Congress accepted the collection and edifice funds (provided through the Trust), and canonical the construction of a museum on the National Mall.

The new gallery was to be effectively self-governing, not controlled by the Smithsonian, but took the onetime name "National Gallery of Art" while the Smithsonian'southward gallery would be renamed the "National Collection of Fine Arts" (now the Smithsonian American Fine art Museum).^{[three] [four] [5]}

Structure and later history [edit]

The museum stands on the former site of the Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Station, where in 1881 a disgruntled part seeker, Charles Guiteau, shot President James Garfield (meet James A. Garfield bump-off).^[6] The station was demolished in 1908 considering it did not arrange to the McMillan Plan for the Mall. In 1918, temporary war buildings were synthetic on the site; these were demolished by 1921 to construct the foundation of the George Washington Memorial Building, which was never completed. The site was then reassigned to the new National Gallery of Art.^[7]

Designed by architect John Russell Pope, the new structure was completed and accepted by President Franklin D. Roosevelt on behalf of the American people on March 17, 1941. At the time of its inception it was the largest marble structure in the world. Neither Mellon nor Pope lived to see the museum completed; both died in tardily August 1937, but ii months after digging had begun.^[6]

Every bit anticipated past Mellon, the creation of the National Gallery encouraged the donation of other substantial art collections by a number of private donors. Founding benefactors included such individuals every bit Paul Mellon, Samuel H. Kress, Rush H. Kress, Ailsa Mellon Bruce, Chester Dale, Joseph Widener, Lessing J. Rosenwald and Edgar William and Bernice Chrysler Garbisch.

The Gallery'south East Building was constructed in the 1970s on much of the remaining land left over from the original congressional action. Andrew Mellon'due south children, Paul Mellon and Ailsa Mellon Bruce, funded the edifice. Designed by architect I. Thousand. Pei, the gimmicky structure was completed in 1978 and was opened on June 1 of that twelvemonth by President Jimmy Carter. The new edifice was built to house the Museum's collection of mod paintings, drawings, sculptures, and prints, every bit well as study and enquiry centers and offices. The design received a National Laurels Honor from the American Constitute of Architects in 1981.

The final addition to the circuitous is the National Gallery of Fine art Sculpture Garden. Completed and opened to the public on May 23, 1999, the location provides an outdoor setting for exhibiting a number of big pieces from the Museum's contemporary sculpture collection.

In 2011, an extensive refurbishment and renovation of the French galleries were undertaken. As part of the celebration of the reopening of this wing, organist Alexander Frey performed 4 sold-out recitals of music of France in one weekend in the French Gallery.

Operations [edit]

The National Gallery of Art is supported through a private-public partnership. The United states federal government provides funds, through almanac appropriations, to support the museum's operations and maintenance. All artwork, besides equally special programs, are provided through private donations and funds.^[8] The museum is non part of the Smithsonian Institution.

Noted directors of the National Gallery accept included David East. Finley, Jr. (1938-1956), John Walker (1956–1968), and J. Carter Brown (1968–1993). Earl A. "Rusty" Powell III was named director in 1993. In March 2019 he was succeeded by Kaywin Feldman, past director and president of the Minneapolis Institute of Fine art.^{[9] [10]} The museum hired Evelyn Carmen Ramos, the commencement woman and the first person of color to exist the chief curatorial and conservation officer, in 2021.^[11]

The president of the museum is billionaire businessman Mitchell Rales and its chairperson is Sharon Rockefeller.^[12]

Entry to both buildings of the National Gallery of Art is free of charge. The museum is open daily from 10 a.k. – v p.m. It is closed on December 25 and January one.^[13]

During the COVID-xix pandemic, the National Gallery was largely closed to the public. Yet, visitors were able to schedule appointments to access the w edifice in pocket-size numbers.^[14]

Architecture [edit]

"East Building" redirects hither. Not to exist confused with Eastern Building.

Exhibitions in the West Building

Exhibitions in the East Building

Walkway to West Building and Cascade Buffet in National Gallery of Fine art, Washington.D.C.

The museum comprises two buildings: the Due west Edifice (1941) and the E Building (1978) linked by an clandestine passage. The W Building, composed of pink Tennessee marble, was designed in 1937 past architect John Russell Pope in a neoclassical style (equally is Pope'due south other notable edifice in Washington, D.C., the Jefferson Memorial). Designed in the form of an elongated H, the building is centered on a domed rotunda modeled on the interior of the Pantheon in Rome. Extending east and west from the rotunda, a pair of skylit sculpture halls provide its main circulation spine. Bright garden courts provide a counterpoint to the long main axis of the building.

Dome of West Edifice, an entrance to permanent Renaissance Art collections

Indoor garden court with paired Ionic columns and symmetrical planting beds. August 2021.

The West Building has an all-encompassing drove of paintings and sculptures by European masters from the medieval flow through the late 19th century, likewise every bit pre-20th century works by American artists. Highlights of the collection include many paintings past Jan Vermeer, Rembrandt van Rijn, Claude Monet, Vincent van Gogh, and Leonardo da Vinci.

In contrast, the blueprint of the East Building, by architect I. Grand. Pei, is geometrical, dividing the trapezoidal shape of the site into ii triangles: i contains public galleries, and the other houses a library, offices, and a study middle. The triangles plant a motif that is echoed throughout the building, realized in every dimension.

The East Building's central feature is a high atrium designed as an open up interior courtroom that is enclosed past a sculptural space spanning 16,000 sq ft (1,500 gⁱⁱ). The atrium is centered on the same axis that forms the circulation spine for the West Building and is constructed in the same Tennessee marble.^[xv]

However, in 2005 the joints attaching the marble panels to the walls began to prove signs of strain, creating a risk that panels might fall onto visitors below. In 2008, NGA officials decided that information technology had become necessary to remove and reinstall all of the panels. The renovation was completed in 2016.^[16]

The East Edifice focuses on modern and contemporary art, with a collection including works past Pablo Picasso, Henri Matisse, Jackson Pollock, Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein, Alexander Calder, a 1977 mural past Robert Motherwell and works past many other artists. The E Building likewise contains the primary offices of the NGA and a large research facility, Center for Advanced Written report in the Visual Arts (CASVA). Among the highlights of the Eastward Edifice in 2012 was an exhibition of Barnett Newman's The Stations of the Cantankerous series of 14 black and white paintings (1958–66).^[17] Newman painted them subsequently he had recovered from a center assault; they are usually regarded as the acme of his achievement.^{[ citation needed ]} The series has also been seen equally a memorial to the victims of the Holocaust.^[18]

The two buildings are continued by a walkway beneath 4th street, called "the Concourse" on the museum's map. In 2008, the National Gallery of Art deputed American creative person Leo Villareal to transform the Concourse into an artistic installation. Today, Multiverse is the largest and nigh complex low-cal sculpture by Villareal featuring approximately 41,000 figurer-programmed LED nodes that run through channels along the entire 200 ft (61 thousand)-long space.^[19] The concourse also includes the food court and a gift shop.

The final element of the National Gallery of Art circuitous, the Sculpture Garden was completed in 1999 later more than 30 years of planning. To the w of the Due west Building, on the contrary side of 7th Street, the 6.ane acres (ii.v ha) Sculpture Garden was designed by mural builder Laurie Olin^[xx] as an outdoor gallery for awe-inspiring modern sculpture.

The Sculpture Garden contains plantings of Native American species of canopy and flowering copse, shrubs, basis covers, and perennials. A circular reflecting pool and fountain form the middle of its design, which arching pathways of granite and crushed stone complement. (The puddle becomes an ice-skating rink during the wintertime.) The sculptures exhibited in the surrounding landscaped area include pieces past Marc Chagall, David Smith, Marking Di Suvero, Roy Lichtenstein, Sol LeWitt, Tony Smith, Roxy Paine, Joan Miró, Louise Bourgeois, and Hector Guimard.^[21]

The lobby of National gallery of Art East Building

Taken at the outside wall of National gallery of Art East Building

Renovations [edit]

The NGA's West Building was renovated from 2007 to 2009. Although some galleries airtight for periods of time, others remained open.^[22]

After congressional testimony that the East Building suffered from "systematic structural failures", NGA adopted a Master Renovations Program in 1999. This plan established the timeline for closing the building, and planned for the renovation of the electronic security systems, elevators, and HVAC.^[23] Space betwixt the ceilings of existing galleries and the building'south skylights (which was never completed when the building was constructed in 1978)^[23] would be renovated into ii, 23 ft (7.0 m) high, hexagonal Tower Galleries. The galleries would take a combined 12,260 sq ft (ane,139 thousand^two) of space and will be lit by skylights. A rooftop sculpture garden would also be added. NGA officials said that the Belfry Galleries would probably business firm mod art, and the creation of a distinct "Rothko Room" was possible.

Offset in 2011, NGA undertook an $85 million restoration of the East Edifice'southward façade.^[24] The East Edifice is clad in 3 in (vii.six cm) thick pink marble panels. The panels are held about two in (v.one cm) abroad from the wall past stainless steel anchors. Gravity holds the panel in the bottom anchors (which are placed at each corner), while "button head" anchors (stainless steel posts with large, apartment heads) at the pinnacle corners keep the panel upright. Mortar was used on the gravity anchors to level the stones. Joints of flexible colored neoprene were placed between the panels. This system was designed to permit each panel to hang independent of its neighbors, and NGA officials say they are non aware of whatsoever other panel organization like it.

However, many panels were accidentally mortared together. Seasonal heating and cooling of the façade, infiltration of moisture, and shrinkage of the building's structural concrete past two in (5.i cm) over time caused extensive impairment to the façade. In 2005, regular maintenance showed that some panels were cracked or significantly damaged, while others leaned by more than than 1 in (two.five cm) out from the building (threatening to fall).

The NGA hired the structural engineering science firm Robert Silman Associates to decide the cause of the problem.^[25] Although the Gallery began raising private funds to fix the effect,^[25] eventually federal funding was used to repair the edifice.^[24] In 2012, the NGA chose a articulation venture, Balfour Beatty/Smoot, to consummate the repairs. Anodized aluminum anchors replaced the stainless steel ones, and the top corner anchors were moved to the centre of the top edge of each stone. The neoprene joints were removed and new colored silicone gaskets installed, and leveling screws rather than mortar used to keep the panels square. Work began in November 2011,^[25] and originally was scheduled to finish in 2014.^[24] By February 2012, still, the contractor said work on the façade would end in late 2013, and site restoration would take place in 2014.^[25] The East Building remained open throughout the project.^[22]

In March 2013, the National Gallery of Art announced a $68.4 one thousand thousand renovation to the East Building. This included $38.4 million to refurbish the interior mechanical found of the construction,^[23] and $30 million to create new exhibition space.^[22] Because the athwart interior space of the East Building fabricated information technology impossible to shut off galleries,^[23] the renovation required all but the atrium and offices to close past Dec 2013. The structure remained closed for three years. The architectural house of Hartman-Cox oversaw both aspects of the renovation.^[23]

A group of benefactors — which included Victoria and Roger Sant, Mitchell and Emily Rales, and David Rubenstein — privately financed the renovation. The Washington Post reported that the donation was one of the largest the NGA had received in a decade.^[22] NGA staff said that they would use the closure to conserve artwork, plan purchases, and develop exhibitions. Plans for renovating conservation, construction, exhibition prep, groundskeeping, part, storage, and other internal facilities were also ready, but would non be implemented for many years.^{[23] [26]}

Buildings [edit]

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  The Due west Building soon after construction, looking southeast from the National Mall

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  Northward face up of the Westward Building, with the west side of the Due east Building and the United States Capitol in background

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  South face of the W Building (2014)

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  Rotunda of the West Building below dome (2004)

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  Oculus of the West Edifice dome (2008)

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  West Building sculpture gallery (2007)

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  West Edifice garden court (2010)

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  Satellite image of National Gallery of Fine art grounds and surrounding streets (2002)

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  Middle of W Edifice plaza, looking west towards West Building (2010)

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  Fountain in Westward Building plaza (2010)

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  View of fountain from concourse beneath West Edifice plaza (2013)

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  Eye of West Edifice plaza, looking east towards archway of East Building (2000)

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  S face up of Due east Building, looking northwest from southeast corner (2010)

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  Southwest corner of East Building, looking e (2007)

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  Southwest corner of East Edifice during renovation, looking northeast (2014)

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  Due east Building atrium (2007)

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  East Edifice atrium (2007)

Collection [edit]

Gerard van Honthorst's monumental 1623 masterwork, The Concert, was acquired past the NGA in 2013 and went on brandish for the first time in 218 years.

The NGA's collection galleries and Sculpture Garden display European and American paintings, sculpture, works on newspaper, photographs, and decorative arts. Paintings in the permanent drove date from the Center Ages to the present. The Italian Renaissance collection includes two panels from Duccio'south Maesta, the tondo of the Adoration of the Magi by Fra Angelico and Filippo Lippi, a Botticelli work on the same subject field, Giorgione'due south Allendale Nascence, Giovanni Bellini'south The Feast of the Gods, Ginevra de' Benci (the only painting by Leonardo da Vinci in the Americas) and groups of works by Titian and Raphael.

The collections include paintings by many European masters, including a version of Saint Martin and the Beggar, by El Greco, and works by Matthias Grünewald, Cranach the Elder, Rogier van der Weyden, Albrecht Dürer, Frans Hals, Rembrandt, Johannes Vermeer, Francisco Goya, Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres, and Eugène Delacroix, among others. The collection of sculpture and decorative arts includes such works as the Chalice of Abbot Suger of St-Denis and a collection of work past Auguste Rodin and Edgar Degas. Other highlights of the permanent collection include the second of the 2 original sets of Thomas Cole'south series of paintings titled The Voyage of Life, (the start fix is at the Munson-Williams-Proctor Arts Establish in Utica, New York) and the original version of Watson and the Shark past John Singleton Copley (two other versions are in the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston and the Detroit Institute of Arts).

The National Gallery's print collection comprises 75,000 prints, in addition to rare illustrated books. It includes collections of works by Albrecht Dürer, Rembrandt, Giovanni Battista Piranesi, William Blake, Mary Cassatt, Edvard Munch, Jasper Johns, and Robert Rauschenberg. The drove began with 400 prints donated by five collectors in 1941. In 1942, Joseph E. Widener donated his entire drove of nearly 2,000 works. In 1943, Lessing Rosenwald donated his collection of 8,000 sometime principal and modern prints; betwixt 1943 and 1979, he donated almost xiv,000 more works. In 2008, Dave and Reba White Williams donated their drove of more than 5,200 American prints.^[27]

In 2013, the NGA purchased from a individual French collection Gerard van Honthorst's 1623 painting, The Concert, which had non been publicly viewed since 1795. Later on initially displaying the 1.23 past 2.06 grand (four.0 by 6.8 ft) The Concert in a special installation in the West Building, the NGA moved the painting to a permanent display in the museum'southward Dutch and Flemish galleries.^[28] Art experts estimated the sale toll of The Concert at $20 1000000, though the NGA did not reveal the corporeality that it had paid.^[29]

Highlights of the collection [edit]

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Selected highlights from the American drove [edit]

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  Thomas Cole, A View of the Mount Pass Called the Notch of the White Mountains (Crawford Notch), 1839

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See also [edit]

• Collections of the National Gallery of Art
• List of original Hermitage paintings in the National Gallery of Art

References [edit]

1. ^ The Art Newspaper Review, March 28,2022
2. ^ The Art Newspaper almanac museum visitor survey, published March 28,2022
3. ^ Fink, Lois Marie "A History of the Smithsonian American Art Museum", University of Massachusetts Printing (2007) ISBN 978-1-55849-616-3, affiliate 3
4. ^ National Gallery of Art website: general introduction Archived December viii, 2006, at the Wayback Car
5. ^ National Gallery of Art website: chronology Archived Apr 7, 2010, at the Wayback Machine
6. ^ ^{a b} "National Gallery of Fine art, West Building". American Architecture. Archived from the original on half dozen Oct 2011. Retrieved 2 Oct 2011.
7. ^ "Cultural Landscape Inventory: The Mall (Part two)" (PDF). U.S. National Park Service. 2006. pp. 49, 53, 72. Retrieved 2021-02-22 . {{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)
8. ^ "Major Giving FAQS". www.nga.gov . Retrieved 2022-04-10 .
9. ^ Kerr, Euan, "Mia's director volition leave to head National Gallery", Minnesota Public Radio News, December 11, 2018.
10. ^ McGlone, Peggy, "The National Gallery of Art will have a female managing director for the showtime time in its history", The Washington Post, December eleven, 2018.
11. ^ Greenberger, Alex (2021-05-13). "Latinx Fine art Expert E. Carmen Ramos Named Chief Curator of National Gallery of Art". ARTnews.com . Retrieved 2021-08-03 .
12. ^ Selvin, Claire (2019-09-27). "National Gallery of Fine art Names Darren Walker Trustee, Mitchell Rales Appointed President". ARTnews . Retrieved 2019-09-28 .
13. ^ "National Gallery of Art". Maps and Hours. 2016-01-12. Archived from the original on 2016-01-03.
14. ^ "Degas at the Opéra". National Gallery of Art. 2020-08-25.
15. ^ NGA.gov Archived Oct three, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
16. ^ Leigh, Catesby (Dec 8, 2009). "An Ultramodern Building Shows Signs of Historic period". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on March xi, 2016.
17. ^ "In The Belfry: Barnett Newman". world wide web.nga.gov. Archived from the original on 1 February 2015. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
18. ^ Menachem Wecker (August 1, 2012). "His Cross To Conduct. Barnett Newman Dealt With Suffering in 'Zips'". The Jewish Daily Forward. Archived from the original on February 4, 2013. Retrieved Baronial 8, 2012.
19. ^ "Leo Villareal: Multiverse". www.nga.gov.
20. ^ "About the Gallery". www.nga.gov. Archived from the original on 22 September 2014. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
21. ^ "Visit: Sculpture Garden". www.nga.gov. Archived from the original on 26 September 2014. Retrieved 22 September 2014.
22. ^ ^{a b c d} Boyle, Katherine and Parker, Lonnae O'Neal. "National Gallery of Art Announces $30 Million Renovation to East Building." Washington Postal service. March 12, 2013. Archived Apr 21, 2016, at the Wayback Auto Accessed 2013-03-13.
23. ^ ^{a b c d east f} Boyle, Katherine. "National Gallery Sees Long-Term Benefit in Long Closing of East Building." Washington Post. March xiii, 2013. Archived Jan 6, 2018, at the Wayback Motorcar Accessed 2013-03-22.
24. ^ ^{a b c} Kelly, John. "Why National Gallery's East Edifice Shed Its Pink Marble Skin." Washington Postal service. February 21, 2012. Archived January 6, 2018, at the Wayback Car Accessed 2013-03-thirteen.
25. ^ ^{a b c d} Dietsch, Deborah K. "National Gallery of Fine art'due south Famed East Building Gets a Facelift." Washington Business Journal. February 3, 2012. Archived Oct xviii, 2015, at the Wayback Machine Accessed 2013-03-thirteen.
26. ^ "The CIVITAS Chronicles". traditional-building.com. Archived from the original on 2015-03-23.
27. ^ "Prints". Nga.gov. 2013-06-19. Archived from the original on 2013-12-21. Retrieved 2013-12-22 .
28. ^ Boyle, Katherine. "National Gallery Acquires 'The Concert' past Dutch Golden Historic period Painter Honthorst." Washington Post. November 22, 2013. Archived August 29, 2017, at the Wayback Machine Accessed 2013-11-22.
29. ^ Vogel, Carol "National Gallery Acquires a van Honthorst Masterwork." New York Times. November 21, 2013. Archived February 24, 2017, at the Wayback Machine Accessed 2013-xi-22.
30. ^ "Provenance". Nga.gov. Archived from the original on 2009-05-07. Retrieved 2013-12-22 .

Further reading [edit]

• David Cannadine, Mellon: An American Life, Knopf, 2006, ISBN 0-679-45032-seven
• Neil Harris, Majuscule Culture: J. Carter Brown, the National Gallery of Fine art, and the Reinvention of the Museum Experience, University of Chicago Printing, 2013, ISBN 9780226067704
• Andrew Kelly, Kentucky by Blueprint: The Decorative Arts, American Civilisation, and the Index of American Design, Academy Press of Kentucky, 2015. ISBN 978-0-8131-5567-8
• "The National Gallery of Art, Washington", special number of Connaissance des Arts, Société Français de Promotion Artistique (2000) ISSN 1242-9198

External links [edit]

• Official website
• NGA Collection
• Department of Image Collections, National Gallery of Art Library
• Eye for Advanced Report in the Visual Arts

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Art

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